![]() ![]() RCS are mainly produced by thermal degradation of glycerol and propylene glycol present in different ratios in the e-liquid, serving as carrier solvents. 6,7 Some or all of these carbonyls can also be present in e-cigarette emissions in quantities that give rise to health concerns 8 it is clear that reducing their concentrations in emissions could represent a substantial contribution to harm reduction. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are among the most potent carcinogens in tobacco smoke, 5 acrolein is implicated in cardiovascular disease, while formaldehyde and acetaldehyde have respiratory effects. 4 Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) in the form of small aldehydes and ketones are biochemical contributors to each of these diseases. The WHO estimates that about half of all lifetime smokers will die of a smoking-related disease and 91% of these deaths will be directly attributable to cancer, cardiovascular or respiratory disease. Each of these indicates potentially toxic effects from e-cigarette emissions but generally at much lower levels when compared to cigarette smoke at equivalent levels of exposure. In the meantime, approaches to predicting long term effects have been based mainly on extrapolating short-term clinical trials, chemical studies of emissions, and in vitro toxicology. 1,2Į-cigarettes have been widely used for about a decade but given a latency period of two or more decades for many smoking-related symptoms and conditions to become manifest, it is too early to evaluate the long-term clinical effects of vaping on public health. All agree that e-cigarettes are harmful, but most agree that their emissions are less harmful than combustible cigarettes as they contain fewer carcinogens and toxicants, mostly in lower concentrations. Proponents of e-cigarettes stress the benefits to smokers during attempts to quit, while opponents fear that e-cigarettes will attract young people into vaping, thus developing an addiction to nicotine and possibly transition to combustible tobacco with time. Introduction The use of e-cigarettes is a major issue in public health. Our work sheds lights on the ability of polyphenols to trap RCS in high carbonyl e-cigarette emissions, suggesting their potential value in commercial e-liquid formulations. Short-term cytotoxic analysis on two lung cellular models showed that dicarbonyl-polyphenol adducts are not cytotoxic, even though carbonyl trapping did not improve cell viability. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis highlighted the formation of covalent adducts between aromatic rings and dicarbonyls in both e-liquids and vaped samples, suggesting that dicarbonyls were formed in the e-liquids as degradation products of propylene glycol and glycerol before vaping. Our work showed that the addition of gallic acid, hydroxytyrosol and epigallocatechin gallate reduced the levels of carbonyls formed in the aerosols of vaped e-cigarettes, including formaldehyde, methylglyoxal and glyoxal. Here, we adopted a novel strategy of trapping carbonyls present in e-cigarette emissions by adding polyphenols in e-liquid formulations. Reducing the concentration of reactive carbonyl species (RCS) in e-cigarette emissions represents a major goal to control their potentially harmful effects. E-mail: Tel: +44 (0) 1334 463947 d Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples II, Portici, 80055, Italy e Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy f Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technology Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK E-mail: Tel: +44 (0) 1382 308043 b Division of Health Sciences, School of Applied Science, University of Abertay, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK c School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK. Edryd Stephens* c and Alberto Fiore * a a Division of Engineering and Food Science, School of Applied Science, University of Abertay, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK. RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 21535-21544 Reducing toxic reactive carbonyl species in e-cigarette emissions: testing a harm-reduction strategy based on dicarbonyl trapping ![]()
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